Îñíîâû êîìïüþòåðíîé ìóçûêè

         

2.2.19. Ëîêàëüíûå êàíàëüíûå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Çàäàþòñÿ êîíòðîëëåðàìè îò 120 äî 127 è óïðàâëÿþò îáðàáîòêîé ñîîáùåíèé â êàíàëàõ:

  • 120 — All Sounds Off;
  • 121 —Reset

    All Controllers;
  • 122 — Local Control;
  • 123 — All Notes Off;
  • 124 — Omni Off;
  • 125 — Omni On;
  • 126 — Mono;
  • 127 —Poly.

Îáÿçàòåëüíûìè â General MIDI îïðåäåëåíû òîëüêî êîíòðîëëåðû 121 è 123.

Ñîîáùåíèå All Notes Off èìèòèðóåò âûêëþ÷åíèå âñåõ âêëþ÷åííûõ íîò è ïîëíîñòüþ ýêâèâàëåíòíî ïîñûëêå ñîîáùåíèÿ Note Off äëÿ êàæäîé çâó÷àùåé íîòû; áóäåò ëè ïðè ýòîì ïðåêðàùåíî çâó÷àíèå íîòû — çàâèñèò îò ñîñòîÿíèÿ ðåæèìîâ Sustain è Sostenuto. Ñîîáùåíèå All Sounds Off äåéñòâóåò òàê æå, íî íå çàâèñèò îò ðåæèìîâ Sustain/Sostenuto; êðîìå òîãî, îíî íåìåäëåííî ïðåêðàùàåò çâó÷àíèå âñåõ íîò, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ â ñòàäèè êîíöåâîãî çàòóõàíèÿ (Release).

Ñîñòîÿíèå ñàìèõ ðåæèìîâ Sustain/Sostenuto ýòè ñîîáùåíèÿ íå çàòðàãèâàþò.

Ñîîáùåíèå Reset All Controllers óñòàíàâëèâàåò âñå êîíòðîëëåðû â çíà÷åíèÿ ïî óìîë÷àíèþ è èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ íà÷àëüíîé óñòàíîâêè óñòðîéñòâà ïåðåä ïðîèãðûâàíèåì ïàðòèòóðû.

Ñîîáùåíèå Local Control ñëóæèò äëÿ çàïðåòà/ðàçðåøåíèÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ óñòðîéñòâîì ñ ëîêàëüíîé ïàíåëè. Íóëåâîå çíà÷åíèå ïàðàìåòðà çàïðåùàåò óïðàâëåíèå ñ ïàíåëè, (óñòðîéñòâî óïðàâëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ïî MIDI), çíà÷åíèå "127" ðàçðåøàåò åãî.

Ñîîáùåíèÿ Omni On/Off ñëóæàò äëÿ âêëþ÷åíèÿ/âûêëþ÷åíèÿ ðåæèìà Omni — ðåàêöèè óñòðîéñòâà íà êàíàëüíûå ñîîáùåíèÿ. Ïðè âêëþ÷åííîì ðåæèìå Omni óñòðîéñòâî îáðàáàòûâàåò ñîîáùåíèÿ äëÿ âñåõ êàíàëîâ, ïðè îòêëþ÷åííîì — òîëüêî ñîîáùåíèÿ äëÿ âûáðàííîãî êàíàëà (Basic Channel). Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò ðàçäåëèòü óñòðîéñòâà ìåæäó êàíàëàìè. Êàíàë íàçíà÷àåòñÿ óñòðîéñòâó ëèáî ñ åãî ïàíåëè óïðàâëåíèÿ, ëèáî ïðè ïîìîùè ñîîáùåíèé SysEx. Ðåæèì Omni èìååò ñìûñë â îñíîâíîì äëÿ ñòàðûõ èíñòðóìåíòîâ, èìåþùèõ îäèí MIDI-êàíàë è íå ïîääåðæèâàþùèõ ðàçäåëåíèå òåìáðîâ.

Ñîîáùåíèÿ Mono/Poly ñëóæàò äëÿ ïåðåêëþ÷åíèÿ îäíîãîëîñíîãî è ìíîãîãîëîñíîãî (ïîëèôîíè÷åñêîãî) ðåæèìîâ.

 îäíîãîëîñíîì ðåæèìå â êàæäûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè ìîæåò çâó÷àòü òîëüêî îäíà íîòà; âêëþ÷åíèå íîâîé íîòû ïðèâîäèò ê ïðèíóäèòåëüíîìó îòêëþ÷åíèþ ïðåäûäóùåé.  ïîëèôîíè÷åñêîì ðåæèìå âêëþ÷åíèå êàæäîé íîâîé íîòû çàïóñêàåò î÷åðåäíîé ñâîáîäíûé ãåíåðàòîð, à ïî îêîí÷àíèè ðàáîòû ãåíåðàòîðîâ íîâûå íîòû ëèáî èãíîðèðóþòñÿ, ëèáî ïðèâîäÿò ê ïðèíóäèòåëüíîìó âûêëþ÷åíèþ íàèáîëåå "ñòàðûõ" íîò. Çíà÷åíèå nn â ñîîáùåíèè Mono âîñïðèíèìàåòñÿ íåêîòîðûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè êàê êîëè÷åñòâî MIDI-êàíàëîâ, ïî êîòîðûì, íà÷èíàÿ ñ Basic Channel, ðàñïðåäåëÿþòñÿ íîòû â îäíîãîëîñíîì ðåæèìå ïðè âûêëþ÷åííîì ðåæèìå Omni. Ñìûñë ýòîé ãðóïïû êàíàëîâ ðàçëè÷åí äëÿ ïåðåäàþùèõ è ïðèíèìàþùèõ óñòðîéñòâ. Ïåðåäàþùåå óñòðîéñòâî íàïðàâëÿåò ïåðâóþ íîòó â Basic Channel, ñëåäóþùóþ çà íåé - - â Basic Channel + 1 è ò. ä., çàòåì î÷åðåäíàÿ íîòà ñíîâà íàïðàâëÿåòñÿ â Basic Channel, è öèêë ïîâòîðÿåòñÿ. Ïðèåìíîå óñòðîéñòâî âîñïðèíèìàåò êàíàëüíûå ñîîáùåíèÿ òîëüêî âíóòðè çàäàííîé ãðóïïû êàíàëîâ, êàæäûé èç êîòîðûõ ðàáîòàåò â îäíîãîëîñíîì ðåæèìå. Òàêîé ïðèåì ïîçâîëÿåò ðåàëèçîâàòü ìíîãîãîëîñíîå èñïîëíåíèå íà ñèíòåçàòîðàõ, èìåþùèõ æåñòêóþ ïðèâÿçêó ãîëîñîâ (ãåíåðàòîðîâ) ê MIDI-êàíàëàì. Êîíòðîëëåðû Omni, Mono è Poly âûçûâàþò òàêæå îòðàáîòêó êîíòðîëëåðà All Sounds Off. Îò ðàçëè÷íûõ ñî÷åòàíèé ðåæèìîâ Omni, Poly è Mono ïðîèñõîäÿò ÷åòûðå îñíîâíûõ ðåæèìà ðàáîòû (mode) MIDI-óñòðîéñòâ:

  • 1 — Omni On, Poly;
  • 2 — Omni On, Mono;
  • Ç — Omni Off, Poly;
  • 4 — Omni Off, Mono.

Áîëüøèíñòâî ñîâðåìåííûõ óñòðîéñòâ ðàáîòàåò â ðåæèìå mode 3 — ïîëèôîíè÷åñêèé ðåæèì ñ íåçàâèñèìîé ðàáîòîé êàíàëîâ.

 GM äîëæíî áûòü 128 çâóêîâ ìåëîäè÷åñêèõ èíñòðóìåíòîâ è 47 çâóêîâ óäàðíûõ, êîòîðûå äîëæíû ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ â îïðåäåëåííîì ïîðÿäêå (òàáë. 2.7 è 2.8).

Òàáëèöà 2.7. Ìåëîäè÷åñêèå èíñòðóìåíòû

MIDI-íîìåð

Íàçâàíèå èíñòðóìåíòà

0

1

2

3

4

5

Acoustic Grand Piano — áîëüøîé àêóñòè÷åñêèé ðîÿëü

Bright Acoustic Piano — ÿðêèé àêóñòè÷åñêèé ðîÿëü

Electric Grand Piano — áîëüøîå ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå ïèàíèíî

Honky-tonki Piano — ðàññòðîåííûé ðîÿëü

Electric Piano 1 — ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå ïèàíèíî 1

Electric Piano 2 — ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå ïèàíèíî 2

6

Harpsichord — êëàâåñèí

7

Clavinet — êëàâèíåò

8

Celesta — ÷åëåñòà

9

Glockenspiel — êîëîêîëü÷èêè

10

Music Box — ìóçûêàëüíûé ÿùèê

11

Vibraphone — âèáðàôîí

12

Marimba — ìàðèìáàôîí

13

Xylophone — êñèëîôîí

14

Tubular, Bells — êîëîêîëà

15

Dulcimer — öèìáàëû

16

Drawbar Organ — ìåõàíè÷åñêèé îðãàí

17

Percussive Organ — ïåðêóññèîííûé îðãàí

18

Rock Organ — ðîê-îðãàí

19

Church Organ — êàôåäðàëüíûé îðãàí

20

Reed Organ — ÿçû÷êîâûé îðãàí

21

Accordion — àêêîðäåîí

22

Harmonica — ãàðìîíèêà

23

Tango accordion — àêêîðäåîí òàíãî

24

Acoustic Guitar (nylon) — àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ãèòàðà (íåéëîí)

25

Acoustic Guitar (steel) — àêóñòè÷åñêàÿ ãèòàðà (ìåòàëë)

26

Electric Guitar (jazz) — ýëåêòðîãèòàðà äæàçîâàÿ

27

Electric Guitar (clean) — ýëåêòðîãèòàðà ÷èñòàÿ

28

Electric Guitar (muted) — ýëåêòðîãèòàðà ïðèãëóøåííàÿ

29

Overdriven Guitar — îâåðäðàéâ-ãèòàðà

30

Distortion Guitar — äèñòîðøí-ãèòàðà

31

Guitar Harmonics — ãèòàðíûå ãàðìîíèêè

32

Acoustic Bass — àêóñòè÷åñêèé áàñ

33

Electric Bass (finger) — ïàëüöåâûé áàñ

34

Electric Bass (pick) — ùèïêîâûé áàñ

35

Fretless Bass — áåçëàäîâûé áàñ

36

Slap Bass 1 — ñëýï-áàñ 1

37

Slap Bass 2 — ñëýï-áàñ 2

38

Synth Bass 1 — ñèíòåòè÷åñêèé áàñ 1

39

Synth Bass 2 — ñèíòåòè÷åñêèé áàñ 2

40

Violin — ñêðèïêà

41

Viola — àëüò

42

Cello — âèîëîí÷åëü

43

Contrabass — êîíòðàáàñ

44

Tremolo Strings — òðåìîëî ñòðóííûõ

45

Pizzicato Strings — ïèööèêàòî ñòðóííûõ

46

Orchestral Harp — îðêåñòðîâàÿ àðôà

47

Timpani — ëèòàâðû

48

String Ensemble 1 — ñòðóííûé àíñàìáëü 1

49

String Ensemble 2 — ñòðóííûé àíñàìáëü 2

50

Synth Strings 1 — ñèíòåòè÷åñêèå ñòðóííûå 1

51

Synth Strings 2 — ñèíòåòè÷åñêèå ñòðóííûå 2

52

Choir Aahs — õîð - à

53

Voice Oohs — ãîëîñ - î

54

Synth Voice — ñèíòåòè÷åñêèé ãîëîñ

55

Orchestra Hit — îðêåñòðîâîå òóòòè

56

Trumpet — òðóáà

57

Trombone — òðîìáîí

58

Tuba — òóáà

59

Muted Trumpet — ïðèãëóøåííàÿ òðóáà

60

French Horn — âàëòîðíà

61

Brass Section — ìåäíàÿ ñåêöèÿ

62

Synth Brass 1 — ñèíòåòè÷åñêàÿ ìåäü 1

63

Synth Brass 2 — ñèíòåòè÷åñêàÿ ìåäü 2

64

Soprano Sax — ñàêñîôîí-ñîïðàíî

65

Alto Sax — ñàêñîôîí-àëüò

67

Baritone Sax — ñàêñîôîí-áàðèòîí

68

Oboe — ãîáîé

69

English Horn — àíãëèéñêèé ðîæîê

70

Bassoon — ôàãîò

71

Clarinet — êëàðíåò

72

Piccolo — ôëåéòà-ïèêêîëî

73

Flute — ôëåéòà

74

Recorder — ðåêîðäåð

75

Pan Flute — ôëåéòà-ïàíà

76

Bottle Blow — äóòüå â áóòûëêó

77

Shakuhachi — øèêóõà÷è

78

Whistle — ñâèñò

79

Ocarina — îêàðèíà

80

Lead 1 (square) — ñîëî-ïðÿìîóãîëüíèê

81

Lead 2 (sawtooth) — ñîëî-ïèëà

82

Lead 3 (calliope) — ñîëî-êàëèîïå

83

Lead 4 (chiff) — ñîëî-÷èô

84

Lead 5 (charang) — ñîëî-÷àðàíã

85

Lead 6 (voice) — ñîëî-ãîëîñ

86

Lead 7 (fifths) — ñîëî-êâèíòû

87

Lead 8 (bass + lead) — áàñ + ñîëî

88

Pad 1 (new age) — îðêåñòðîâàÿ ïîäêëàäêà, íîâûé âåê

89

Pad 2 (warm) — îðêåñòðîâàÿ ïîäêëàäêà, òåïëàÿ

90

Pad 3 (polysynth) — îðêåñòðîâàÿ ïîäêëàäêà, ïîëèñèíòåòè÷åñêàÿ

91

Pad 4 (choir) — îðêåñòðîâàÿ ïîäêëàäêà, õîð

92

Pad 5 (bowed) — îðêåñòðîâàÿ ïîäêëàäêà, ñìû÷êîâûå

93

Pad 6 (metallic) — îðêåñòðîâàÿ ïîäêëàäêà, ìåòàëë

94

Pad 7 (halo) — îðêåñòðîâàÿ ïîäêëàäêà, ãàëî

95

Pad 8 (sweep) — îðêåñòðîâàÿ ïîäêëàäêà, ñâèï

96

FX 1 (rain) — äîæäü

97

FX 2 (soundtrack) — ñàóíäòðåê

98

FX 3 (crystal) — êðèñòàëë

99

FX 4 (atmosphere) — àòìîñôåðà

100

FX 5 (brightness) — ÿðêîñòü

101

FX 6 (goblins) — ãîáëèí

100

FX 7 (echoes) — ýõî

103

FX 8 (sci-fi) — íàó÷íàÿ ôàíòàñòèêà

104

Sitar — ñèòàð

105

Banjo — áàíäæî

106

Shamisen — øàìèñåí

107

Koto — êîòî

108

Kalimba — êàëèìáà

109

Bagpipe — âîëûíêà

110

Fiddle — ôèäë-ñêðèïêà

111

Shanai — øàíàé

112

Tinkle Bell — çâîí êîëîêîëü÷èêà

113

Agogo — àãîãî

114

Steel Drums — ñòàëüíûå áàðàáàíû

115

Woodbloc — äåðåâÿííûé áëîê

116

Taiko Drum — áàðàáàí-òàéêî

117

Melodic Drum — ìåëîäè÷åñêèé áàðàáàí

118

Synth Drum — ñèíòåòè÷åñêèé áàðàáàí

119

Revers Cymbal — ðåâåðñèâíàÿ òàðåëêà

120

Guitar Fret Noise — çâóê ëàäîâ ãèòàðû

121

Breath Noise — äûõàíèå âåòðà

122

Seashore — ìîðñêîé ïðèáîé

123

Bird Tweet — ïòè÷èé ñâèñò

124

Telephone Ring — òåëåôîííûé çâîíîê

125

Helicopter — âåðòîëåò

126 Applause — àïëîäèñìåíòû
127 Gunshot — âûñòðåë

Òàáëèöà 2.8. Ñòàíäàðòíûå óäàðíûå èíñòðóìåíòû GM

MIDI-íîìåð

Íàçâàíèå èíñòðóìåíòà

35

Acoustic Bass Drum — àêóñòè÷åñêèé áîëüøîé áàðàáàí

36

Bass Drum 1 — áîëüøîé áàðàáàí

37

Side Kick — óäàð ïî êðàþ áàðàáàíà

38

Acoustic Snare — ìàëûé àêóñòè÷åñêèé áàðàáàí

39

Hand Clap — õëîïîê â ëàäîøè

40

Electric Snare — ìàëûé ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé áàðàáàí

41

Low Floor Tom — íèçêèé òîì

42

Closed High-Hat — çàêðûòûé õàé-õýò

43

High Floor Tom — íèæíèé òîì

44

Pedal High Hat — ïåäàëü õàé-õýò

45

Mid Tom — ñðåäíèé òîì

46

Open High Hat — îòêðûòûé õàé-õýò

47

Low-Mid Tom — ñðåäíèé òîì 2

48

High-Mid Tom — âûñîêèé òîì 2

49

Crash Cymbal 1 — òàðåëêà êðàø 1

50

High Tom — âûñîêèé òîì Ç

51

Ride Cymbal 1 — òàðåëêà ðàéä 1

52

Chinese Cymbal — êèòàéñêàÿ òàðåëêà

53

Ride Bell — êîëîêîëü÷èê ðàéä

54

Tambourine — òàìáóðèí (áóáåí)

55

Splash Cymbal — òàðåëêà ñïëýø

56

Cowbell — êîðîâèé êîëîêîëü÷èê

57

Crash Cymbal 2 — òàðåëêà êðýø 2

58

Vibraslap — âèáðèðóþùèé õëîïîê

59

Ride Cymbal 2 — òàðåëêà ðàéä 2

60

High Bongo — áîíãî âûñîêèé

61

Low Bongo — áîíãî íèçêèé

62

Mute High Conga — êîíãî âûñîêèé ãëóõîé

63

Open High Conga — êîíãî îòêðûòûé âûñîêèé

64

Low Conga — êîíãî íèçêèé

65

High Timbale — ëèòàâðû âûñîêèå

66

Low Timbale — ëèòàâðû íèçêèå

67

High Agogo — àãîãî âûñîêèé

68

Low Agogo — àãîãî íèçêèé

69

Cabasa — êàáàñà

70

Maracas — ìàðàêàñû

71

Short Whistle — êîðîòêèé ñâèñò

72

Long Whistle — äëèííûé ñâèñò

73

Short Guiro — ãóàéðî êîðîòêèé

74

Long Guiro — ãóàéðî äëèííûé

75

Claves — áðóñêè

76

High Wood Block — âûñîêèé äåðåâÿííûé áëîê

77

Low Wood Block — íèçêèé äåðåâÿííûé áëîê

78

Mute Cuica — êóèêà ïðèãëóøåííûé

79

Open Cuica — êóèêà îòêðûòûé

80

Mute Triangle — ïðèãëóøåííûé òðåóãîëüíèê

81

Open Triangle — îòêðûòûé òðåóãîëüíèê

Ðàññìîòðåííûå òðåáîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìèíèìàëüíûìè, è íè ÷òî íå ìåøàåò ñîçäàâàòü èíñòðóìåíò ñ áîëüøèìè âîçìîæíîñòÿìè, ÷òî ðåàëüíî è ïðîèñõîäèò.

Ñîäåðæàíèå ðàçäåëà